Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
| Online Publication Date: 26 Nov 2007
The Sustainability of Geological Mapmaking: The Case of the Geological Survey of Great Britain
The Sustainability of Geological Mapmaking: The Case of the Geological Survey of Great Britain
Page Range: 13 – 29
Henry De la Beche's leadership of the Geological Survey of Great Britain in the second quarter of the nineteenth century led to the establishment of a number of key institutions which ensured the Survey of survival beyond the initial phase of geological mapmaking. Considered as a finite activity serving only to fix on paper the spatial distribution of an unchanging physical resource, geological mapmaking alone was never a secure basis for institutional or disciplinary development. The actions taken by De la Beche in the 1830s and 1840s, at a time when public and politicians alike were suspicious of government-funded science, were echoed 150 years later by successors who served governments with similar doubts about non-commercial scientific activity. Whether buried within an empire of public institutions, illuminated in museum collections which spoke of utilitarian value, or conceptualised as an income-generating database of rare data, the continuation of geological mapmaking in Britain relied upon a relationship to, and relevance for, a wider world of politics and practice. Seen in the long view, the British Geological Survey demonstrates that a nation can only make and re-make geological maps if that activity can be submerged within, or repackaged as, a new strategically-valued socio-economic initiative.
ABEL, N.H., 1881, Oeuvres complètes. Christiania, Grondahl, 3 vol., [Nouvelle édition puliée par MM. L. Sylow and S. Lie].
ADAMS, A.E. and MACKENZIE, W.S., 2001, A Colour Atlas of Carbonate Sediments and Rocks Under the Microscope. Manson Publishing, 184 p.
AIP, 2006, Directory of Physics, Astronomy, and Geophysics Staff. College Park, MD, 646 p.
ALT, DAVID and HYNDMAN, D.W., 2006, Roadside Geology of Northern and Central California. Mountain Press, no. 227, 384 p.
ANONYMOUS, 2006, Obiturary: Joseph Gerald (Joe) Capewell, 1917-2005: Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, v. 117, p. 397-398.
ANONYMOUS, 2006, Obiturary: Roland Goldring 1928-2005: Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, v. 117, p. 399-400.
ANONYMOUS, 2006, Pioneer George Sarton Inspired Swedish History of Science: UPPSALA Newsletter, no. 38, p. 1.
ARCHIMEDE (TRANSLATED BY VER EECKE, P.), 1960, Les oeuvres complètes d'Archimède suivies des commentaires d'Eutocius d'Ascalon traduites du grec en français avec une introduction et des notes par P. Ver Eecke. Vaillant-Carmanne, Liège, 374 p.
ARCHIMEDE (TRANSLATED BY VER EECKE, P.), 1921, Les oeuvres complètes d'Archimède traduites du grec en français avec une introduction et des notes par P. Ver Eecke. De Brouwer, Paris & Bruxelles, 553 p.
BALK, ROBERT, 1953, Structure of Graywacke Areas and Taconic Range, East of Troy, New York: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 64, p. 811-864.
BANFIELD, J.F., CERVINI-SILVA, J., and NEALSON, K.M., eds., 2005, Molecular Geomicrobiology. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 59, 294 p.
BAXTER, S., 2006, Ages in Chaos: James Hutton and the Discovery of Deep Time. Forge, New York, 245 p.
BECKER, LUANN, POREDA, R.J., HUNT, A.G., BUNCH, T.E., and RAMPINO, MICHAEL, 2001, Impact Event at the Permian-Triassic Boundary: Evidence from Extraterrestrial Noble Gases in Fullerenes: Science, v. 291, no. 5508, p. 1530-1534.
BERKOWITZ, ROGER, 2005, The Gift of Science: Leibniz and the Modern Legal Tradition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass./London, 214 p.
BEVIER, M.L., 2005, Introduction to Field Geology. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 192 p.
BOWLER, P.J. and MORUS, I.R., 2005, Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 529 p.
BOYER, C.B., 1968, A History of Mathematics. Wiley, London, 717 p.
BRANAGAN, DAVID, 2004, T.W. Edgeworth David. A Life. National Library of Australia, 648 p.
BRENTJES, S., 2006, The Introduction to Astrology: Annuals of Science, v. 63, p. 135-136.
BRUSATTE, S.L., 2005, The Great Dinosaur Controversy: Earth Sci. Hist., v. 24, p. 131-132.
BURROUGHS, W.J., 2005, Climate Change in Prehistory. Cambridge University Press, 352 p.
CADÉE, G.C., 2006, Lyell and Darwin, Geologists: Archives of Natural History, v. 33, p. 183-184.
CAUCHY, A.L., 1827, Deux mémoires originaux, in Mémoires présentés par divers savants à l'Académie des Sciences, tom 1. Gauthier-Villars, 799 p.
CECH, P.J., 2005, Deeper than Darwin: Isis, v. 96, p. 467-468.
CHILINGAR, G.V., BURYAKOVSKY, L.A., EREMENKO, N.A., and GORFUNKEL, M.V., 2005, Geology and Geochemistry of Oil and Gas: Developments in Petroleum Science, v. 52, 370 p.
CHILVERS, C.A., 2006, Science, History, and Social Activism: British Journal of Historical Science, v. 39, p. 148-149.
CHRONIC, HALKA, 2006, Roadside Geology of Arizona. Mountain Press, no. 206, 335 p.
CHRONIC, HALKA and WILLIAMS, FELICIE, 2006, Roadside Geology of Colorado. Second Edition. Mountain Press, no. 229, 416 p.
D'AGOSTINO, S., 2004, Plate Tectonics: Physis, v. 41, p. 276-280.
DE BOER, J.Z. and SANDERS, T., 2005, Earthquakes in Human History: The Far-Reaching Effects of Seismic Disruptions. Princeton University Press, 278 p.
DEBUS, A.A., 2006, Dinosaurs in Fantastic Fiction: A Thematic Survey. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, NC.
DEBUS, A.A., 2006, Humphry Davy's "Consolations" Prize (part 1 of 2): Fossil News: Journal of Avocational Paleontology, v. 12, no. 5, p. 14-17.
DEBUS, A.A., 2006, Humphry Davy's "Consolations" Prize (part 2 of 2): Fossil News: Journal of Avocational Paleontology, v. 12, no. 6, p. 14-17.
DEBUS, A.A., 2006, Meg-O'-Theorem! (Part 1 of 4): Fossil News: Journal of Avocational Paleontology, v. 12, no. 9, p. 14-18.
DEBUS, A.A., 2006, Meg-O'-Theorem! (Part 2 of 4): Fossil News: Journal of Avocational Paleontology, v. 12, no. 10, p. 12-15.
DEBUS, A.A., 2006, Meg-O'-Theorem! (Part 3 of 4): Fossil News: Journal of Avocational Paleontology, v. 12, no. 11, p. 12-16.
DEBUS, A.A., 2006, Meg-O'-Theorem! (Part 4 of 4): Fossil News: Journal of Avocational Paleontology, v. 12, no. 12, p. 8-15.
DEBUS, A.A., 2006, Re-Framing the Science in Jules Verne's Journal to the Center of the Earth: Science Fiction Studies, v. 33, Part 3, p. 405-420.
DURIS, P., 2003, Linnaeus: Early Science Med., v. 8, p. 288-290.
EDE, ANDREW and CORMACK, L.B., 2004, A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility. Broadview Press, New York, 458 p.
ENZEL, YEHOUDA, AGNON, AMOTZ, and STEIN, MORDECHAI, 2006, New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 253 p.
FALCON-LANG, H.J., 2006, A history of research at the Joggins Fossil Cliffs of Nova Scotia, Canada, the world's finest Pennsylvanian section: Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, v. 117, p. 377-392.
FAO, 2004, Carbon Sequestration in Dryland Soils. World Resources Reports, v. 102, 110 p.
FRIEDMAN, G.M., SANDERS, J.E., and GUO, BAIYING, 2003, Albany Basin, New York: Surface and Subsurface Lower Paleozoic Carbonate Formations: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 25, no. 1, p. 1-57.
FROSSARD, E., BLUM, W.E.H., and WARKENTIN, B.P., eds., 2006, Function of soils for human societies and the environment. Geological Society of London Special Publication, no. 266.
GERMANO, WILLIAM, 2001, Getting It Published. Columbia University Press, 192 p.
GERMANO, WILLIAM, 2005, From Dissertation to Book. Columbia University Press, 152 p.
GHISELIN, M.T., 2003, Correspondence of Charles Darwin: British Journal of Historical Science, v. 25, p. 132-133.
GLICK, T.F., 2006, Charles Darwin: British Journal of Historical Science, v. 39, p. 299-301.
GOOD, G.A., 2005, The New Science of Geology: Earth Sci. Hist., v. 24, p. 265-266.
GRADSTEIN, F.M., 2004, A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, 589 p.
GROSS, M.L., 2005, Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War. Basic Bioethics. MIT Press, Cambridge, 384 p.
HALE, P.J., 2006, The Discovery of Global Warming: Brit. J. Hist. Sci., v. 39, p. 149-150.
HALLIDAY, A.N., 2006, The origin of the earth - what's new?: Elements, v. 2, no. 4, p. 205-210.
HARVEY, J., 2003, Charles Darwin's "The Life of Erasmus Darwin": Endeavour, v. 27, p. 105-106.
HELMS, D., EFFLAND, A.B.W., and DURAND, P.J., eds., 2002, Profiles in the History of the US Soil Survey. Iowa State University Press.
HERBERT, SANDRA, 2005, Charles Darwin, Geologist. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 485 p.
HODGE, J., 2006, Correspondence of Charles Darwin: British Journal of Historical Science, v. 39, p. 301-302.
KOEBERL, CHRISTIAN, 2006, Impact processes on the early earth: Elements, v. 2, no. 4, p. 211-216.
KRONE, B., ed., 2006, Beyond Earth: The Future of Humans in Space. Space Series, no. 58, 296 p.
LONGAIR, M.S., 2006, Darwinism and Its Discontents. Cambridge University Press, New York, 545 p.
LOWMAN, S.W., 1961, Trip B: Some Aspects of Turbidite Sedimentation in the Vicinity of Troy, New York: New York State Geological Association, 33rd Annual Meeting, p. B1-B15.
LYONS, S., 2003, Darwin, His Daughter, and Human Evolution: Hist. Phil. Life Sci., v. 25, p. 124-126.
MARTIN, P.S., 2005, Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. University of California Press, 250 p.
MASSON, HENRI, 2003, Héli Badoux (1911-2001) Biographie et oeuvre géologique: Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., v. 88, no. 3, p. 343-363. [Bulletin de Géologie de l'Université de Lausanne, no. 358]
MATHEWS, BILL and MONGER, JIM, 2006, Roadside Geology of Southern British Columbia. Mountain Press, no. 232, 416 p.
MCCLUSKEY, S.C., 2005, Episodes from the early history of astronomy: British Journal of Historical Science, v. 38, p. 356-358.
MCNEIL, J.R., and WINIWARTER, VERENA, 2006, Soil and societies: perspectives from environmental history. The White Horse Press, UK, 369 p.
MCNEILL, J.R., 2003, History and Climate Change: Environ. Hist., v. 8, p. 130-131.
MORRELL, J., 2005, To See the Fellows Fight: Brit. J. Hist. Sci., v. 38, p. 487-488.
MORRELL, J., 2006, Charles Darwin, Geologist: Brit. J. Hist. Sci., v. 39, p. 273-279.
MORRELL, J., 2006, Lyell and Darwin, Geologists: Brit. J. Hist. Sci., v. 39, p. 273-279.
MORRELL, J., 2006, The New Science of Geology: Brit. J. Hist. Sci., v. 39, p. 273-279.
MORTON, M.Q., 2006, In the Heart of the Desert. Green Mountain Press, 282 p.
MOYAL, ed., 2003, The Web of Science: The Scientific Correspondence of the Rev. W.B. Clarke, Australia's Pioneer Geologist. Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2 volumes, 1340 p.
MÜLLER-WILLE, S., 2004, Charles Darwin's "The Life of Erasmus Darwin": Hist. Phil. Life Sci., v. 25, p.419-420.
NATLAND, J.H., 2006, In Memory of: Roger Larson (1943-2006) An Appreciation: Oceanography, v. 19, no. 4, p. 12.
NORMARK, W.R. and LUYENDYK, B.P., 2006, In Memory of: Fred Noel Spiess (1919-2006) A Tribute: Oceanography, v. 19, no. 4, p. 10.
NUTMAN, A.P., 2006, Antiquity of the oceans and continents: Elements, v. 2, no. 4, p. 223-228.
PALMER, DOUGLAS, 2005, Earth Time: Exploring the Deep Past from Victorian England to the Grand Canyon. John Wiley & Sons, 436 p.
PARK, K. and DASTON, L., eds., The Cambridge History of Science. Early Modern Science, Cambridge University Press, New York, v. 3, 865 p.
PAZZAGLIA, F.J., ed., 2006, Excursions in Geology and History: Field Trips in the Middle Atlantic States. Geological Society of America, Field Guide 8, 247 p.
ROTHWELL, R.G., ed., 2006, New Techniques in Sediment Core Analyses. Geological Society Publishing House Special Publication, no. 267, 272 p.
RUDWICK, M.S.J., 2005, Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution. University of Chicago Press, 708 p.
SANDMAN, A., 2002, The New Nature of Maps: Early Sci. Med., v. 7, p. 400-401.
SCHMITT, HARRISON, 2005, Return to the Moon: Exploration, Enterprise, and Energy in the Human Settlement of Space. Copernicus Books, Springer Science + Business Media, New York, 352 p.
SCHOPF, J.W., 2006, The first billion years: When did life emerge?: Elements, v. 2, no. 4, p. 229.
SCHROEDER, J.H. (Hrsg.), 2006, Naturwerksteine in Architektur und Baugeschichte von Berlin - Gesteinskundliche Stadtbummel zwischen Alexanderplatz und Grossem Stern. - 2. erw. und verb. Fuehrer zu Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg Nr. 6. Berlin (Selbstverlag Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e.V.)
SEIBOLD, ILSE and SEIBOLD, EUGEN, 2006, Hermann Wilhelm Abich im Kaukasus: Zum zweihundertsten Geburtstag. Neues Aus Dem Geologen Archiv: International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau), v. 95, p. 1087-1100.
SELDEN, PAUL and NUDDS, JOHN, 2005, Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems. Manson Publishing, 160 p.
SEQUEIROS, L., 2004, Naissance de la géologie historique: Llull, v. 27, p. 823-825.
SHIPLEY, B.C., 2003, The Practice of British Geology, 1750-1850: Soc. Stud. Sci., v. 33, p. 821-825.
STERNBACH, CHARLES, DOWNEY, MARLAN, and FRIEDMAN, G.M., eds., 2005, Discoverers of the 20th Century: Perfecting the Search. AAPG Special Publication. AAPG Bookstore, Tulsa, OK, 216 p.
STRATTON, J.A. and MANNIX, L.H., 2005, Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass./London, 292 p.
VAI, G.B. and CAVAZZA, WILLIAM, eds., 2003, Four Centuries of the Word Geology: Ulisse Aldrovandi 1603 in Bologna. Minerva Edizioni, Bologna, 324 p.
VALLEY, J.W., 2006, Early Earth: Elements, v. 2, no. 4, p. 201-204.
VAN CLEEMPOEL, K., 2005, Astrolabs at Greenwich: A Catalogue of the Astrolabes in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. Oxford University Press, New York, 339 p.
VAN REENEN, D.D., 2006, Beukes, Nic: A Tribute to a South African Geoscientist: South African Journal of Geology, v. 109, no. 1-2, p. 1-5.
VEST, C.M., 2004, Pursuing the Endless Frontier: Essays on MIT and the Role of Research Universities. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass./London, 292 p.
WARKENTIN, B.P., ed., 2006, Footprints in the soil: people and ideas in soil science. Elsevier, 572 p.
WEART, S.R., 2003, The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 228 p.
WILSON, D.S., 2002, Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. University of Chicago Press, 268 p.
WRIGHT, GARY, 2004, Ocean Sciences Bridging the Millennia: A Spectrum of Historical Accounts. (Based on papers selected from the Sixth International Congress on the History of Oceanography). UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 507 p.
WYSE JACKSON, P. N. 2006, The Chronologers' Quest. Episodes in the Search for the Age of the Earth. Cambridge University Press, New York-Melbourne-Cambridge, 291 p.
YAALON, D.H. and BERKOWICZ, S., eds., 1997, History of Soil Science: International Perspectives. Catena-Verlag, 439 p.
ZAHNLE, K.J., 2006, Earth's earliest atmosphere: Elements, v. 2, no. 4, p. 217-222.
ZIMMERMAN, V., 2003, The culture of English geology, 1815-1851: Victorian Studies, v. 45, p. 344-346.
ZINSSER, JUDITH, ed., 2005, Men, Women, and the Birthing of Modern Science. Northern Illinois University Press, Dekalb, 215 p.
Allen, David Elliston 1994. The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History. Princeton: Princeton UP.
Allen, Peter 2003. A Geological Survey in Transition. Keyworth: British Geological Survey.
Anon. 1988. What future for the BGS? Geology Today 4: 4-6.
Bailey, Sir Edward 1952. Geological Survey of Great Britain. London: Murby.
Browne, Janet 1983. The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography. New Haven: Yale.
Cook, Peter J. 1998. History of the British Geological Survey 1990-1997, British Geological Survey Technical Report, WQ/96/2.
Cumming, D. A. 1985. John MacCulloch, high priest, blackguard and thief, reassessed, in From Linnaeus to Darwin, A. Wheeler and J. Price (eds), 77-88. London: Society for the History of Natural History.
Cumming, D.A. 2004. MacCulloch, John (1773-1835). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
Eyles, Joan M. 1969. William Smith (1769-1839): A bibliography of his published writings, maps and geological sections, printed and lithographed. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 5: 86-109.
Eyles, Victor Ambrose 1937. John MacCulloch, F.R.S. and his geological map: an account of the first Geological Survey of Scotland. Annals of Science 2: 114-129.
Eyles, Victor Ambrose 1939. MacCulloch's geological map of Scotland, an additional note. Annals of Science 4: 107ff.
Eyles Victor Ambrose 1948. Louis Albert Necker, of Geneva, and his geological map of Scotland. Trans. Edinburgh Geological Society 14: 93ff.
Eyles, Victor° Ambrose 1950. The first national geological survey. Geological Magazine 87: 373ff.
Eyles, Victor Ambrose and Eyles, Joan M. 1938. On the different issues of the first geological map of England and Wales. Annals of Science 3: 190ff.
Flett, Sir John Smith 1937. The First Hundred Years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. London: HMSO.
Flinn, Derek 1981. John MacCulloch, M.D., F.R.S., and his geological map of Scotland: His years in the Ordnance, 1795-1826. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 36: 83-101.
Ford, Trevor D. and Hugh S. Torrens 1989. John Farey (1766-1826): An unrecognised polymath. In General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire, John Farey (1811) unpaginated. Peak District Historical Society reprint.
Hackett, Dennis 1999. Our corporate history: key events affecting the British Geological Survey, 1967-1998. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WQ/99/1.
Herries Davies, Gordon L. 1983. Sheets of Many Colours: The Mapping of Ireland's Rocks, 1750-1890. Dublin: Royal Dublin Society.
Herries Davies, Gordon L. 1995. North from the Hook. The Modern History of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Dublin: Geological Survey of Ireland.
Knell, Simon J. 2000. The Culture of English Geology 1815-1851: A Science Revealed Through its Collecting. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Knell, Simon J. 2002. Collecting, conservation and conservatism: late twentieth century developments in the culture of British geology. In The Earth Inside and Out: Some Major Contributions to Geology in the Twentieth Century, David R. Oldroyd (ed). London: Geological Society.
Knell, Simon J. In press. Museums, fossils and the cultural revolution of science: mapping change in the politics of knowledge in early nineteenth-century Britain. In Museum Revolutions, Simon J. Knell, Suzanne MacLeod, Sheila E.R. Watson (eds). London: Routledge.
Morrell, Jack 1988. Science and government: John Phillips (1800-1874) and the early Ordnance Geological Survey of Britain. In Science, Politics and the Public Good, Nicolaas A. Rupke (ed), 7-35. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Morrell, Jack 2005. John Phillips and the Business of Victorian Science. Aldershot: Ashgate.
North, Fred J. 1928. Geological Maps, their History and Development with special reference to Wales. National Museum of Wales.
North, Fred J. 1933. From Giraldus Cambrensis to the Geological Map. Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society 64: 20ff.
North, Fred J. 1934a. From the Geological Map to the Geological Survey: Glamorgan and the Pioneers of Geology. Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society 65: 41-115.
North, Fred J. 1934b. Further chapters in the history of geology in South Wales: H.T. De la Beche and the Geological Survey. Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society 67: 31-103.
Oldroyd, David R. and McKenna, Graham 2005. Conditions of employment and work practices in the early years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. Earth Sciences History 24 (2): 197-223.
Phillips, John 1829. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire or, a Description of the Strata and Organic Remains of the Yorkshire Coast accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections, and Plates of the Fossil Plants and Animals. York: Wilson.
Phillips, John 2003. Memoirs of William Smith LLD. London: John Murray, 1844; reprinted Bath: Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution.
Porter, Roy 1978. Gentlemen and geology: The emergence of a scientific career, 1660-1920. The Historical Journal 20: 809-36.
Roberts, M. B. 2000. I coloured a map: Darwin's attempts at geological mapping in 1831. Archives of Natural History 27(1): 69-80.
Rudwick, Martin J. S. 1976. The emergence of a visual language for geological science, 1760-1840. History of Science 14: 149-95.
Rudwick, Martin J. S. 1985. The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Secord, James A. 1985. John W. Salter: The rise and fall of a Victorian palaeontological career. In From Linnaeus to Darwin, A. Wheeler and J. Price (eds), 61-75. London: Society for the History of Natural History.
Secord, James A. 1986a. Controversy in Victorian Geology: The Cambrian-Silurian Dispute. Princeton: Princeton University.
Secord, James A. 1986b. The Geological Survey as a Research School. History of Science 24(3): 223-275.
Seymour, W. A. (ed.). 1980. A History of the Ordnance Survey. Folkestone, Dawson.
Sharpe, T. and McCartney, Paul °J. 1998. The Papers of H.T. De la Beche (1796-1855) in the National Museum of Wales. Cardiff: National Museums and Galleries of Wales.
Sheppard, Thomas 1917 (reprinted 1920). William Smith: his maps and memoirs. Leeds: Yorkshire Geological Society. Hull: A. Brown & Sons.
Smith, Bernard 1936. Progress of the Geological Survey, 1920-1935. In Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1935, 12ff. London: HMSO.
Torrens, Hugh S. 1994. Patronage and problems: Banks and the earth sciences, in Sir Joseph Banks: a Global Perspective, R.E.R. Banks et al. (eds), 49-75. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Torrens, Hugh S. 1996. Mineral engineer John Williams of Kerry (1732-95): his work in Britain and his mineral surveys in the Veneto and North Italy. Montgomeryshire Collections 84: 67-102.
Torrens, Hugh S. 1998. Le "nouvel art de prospection miniere" de William Smith et le "project de houillère" de Brewham: un essai malencontreux de recherche de charbon dans le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre entre 1803 et 1810. In De la Géologie à son Histoire, 101-118. Paris: CTHS.
Vetch, R. H. 2004. Portlock, Joseph Ellison (1794-1864), rev. Elizabeth Baigent. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Harold E. 1985. Down to Earth: One Hundred and Fifty Years of the British Geological Survey. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
Winder, C. G. 1965. Logan and South Wales. Proceedings of the Geological Association of Canada 16: 103-24.
Woodward, Horace B. 1908. In Summary of Progress for 1907.
Wyse Jackson, P.N. 1997. John W. Pringle (c. 1793-1861) and Ordnance Survey geological mapping in Ireland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 108: 153-156.