Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
| Online Publication Date: 05 Nov 2007
The Romantic Cave? The Scientific and Poetic Quests for Subterranean Spaces in Britain
The Romantic Cave? The Scientific and Poetic Quests for Subterranean Spaces in Britain
Page Range: 172 – 208
In the ‘Golden Age’ of geology and Romanticism in Britain, the cave was constructed as a cultural space that served the young science as territory for new insights into prehistory and as icon of scientific enlightenment. However, British caves had a history in folklore that predated the onset of geological exploration, and some had long been inhabited by monsters or fairies. Moreover, antiquaries, fossil hunters, and even tourists shared the established geologists' interest in the underground. Conceiving of the cave as a many-layered political space, this article argues that several groups competed in the quest for this ‘new’ territory, among them those who strove for the power to read the past. The Romantic poets, building on literary, religious, and folkloristic traditions, turned the cave into a source for individual as well as societal change, exploring it as the realm of the ‘subconscious’. Questioning whether such an object as the Romantic cave existed, this article is interested in how different visitors experienced the underground—whether they shared the aesthetics of the sublime—and in how caves were constructed to serve alternative purposes.
Ainsworth, William, and Henry H. Cheek, Notes on the Caverns in the North-Eastern District of the High Peak of Derbyshire, with an Account of a Descent into Eldon Hole, Edinburgh Journal of Natural And Geographical Science, 1830, 2:168-173.
Beer, Gillian, The Romance (London: Methuen and Co., 1970).
Bewell, Alan, Wordsworth and the Enlightenment: Nature, Man, and Society in the Experimental Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
Blake, William, The Works of William Blake: Poetic, Symbolic, and Critical, eds. Edwin John Ellis and William Butler Yeats, 2 vols., Vol. 2 (London: Bernard Quaritch, 1893).
Blake, William, The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman, 2nd ed. (New York: Anchor Books, 1988 [1965]).
Blake, William, Jerusalem, in The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman, 2nd ed. (New York: Anchor Books, 1988 [1804-1820]), 144-259.
Blake, William, Songs of Innocence and Experience, in The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, ed. David V. Erdman, 2nd ed. (New York: Anchor Books, 1988 [1789, 1794]), 7-32.
Blewitt, Octavian, The Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the District Comprised Between the Dart and Teign, 2nd ed. (London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1832).
Bloom, Harold; ed., The Internalization of Quest-Romance, in Romanticism and Consciousness: Essays in Criticism (New York: Norton, 1970), 3-24.
Booth, James, Enlightenment, Sensibility and Romanticism: Poetry 1660-1830, in Bloomsbury: Guide to English Literature, ed. Marion Wynne-Davies (London: Bloomsbury, 1992 [1989]), 225-250.
Boylan, Patrick J., Dean William Buckland, 1784-1856. A Pioneer in Cave Science, Studies in Speleology, 1967, 1(5):236-253.
Boylan, Patrick J., Dean William Buckland, William Buckland (1784-1856) and the Foundations of Taphonomy and Palaeoecology, Archives of Natural History, 1997, 24(3):361-372.
Buckland, William, Instructions for Conducting Geological Investigations, and Collecting Specimens, American Journal of Science, 1821, 3:249-251.
Buckland, William, Account of an Assemblage of Fossil Teeth and Bones of Elephant, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Bear, Tiger, and Hyaena, and Sixteen Other Animals; Discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the Year 1821: With a Comparative View of Five Similar Caverns in Various Parts of England, and Others on the Continent, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1822, 112:171-236.
Buckland, William, Reliquiae Diluvianae; or, Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures, and Diluvial Gravel, and on Other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge (London: Murray, 1823).
Buckland, William, Treatise Vi: Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Vol. 1, The Bridgewater Treatises: On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as Manifested in the Creation (London: William Pickering, 1837 [1836]).
Burke, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. Thomas D. H. Mahoney, Library of Liberal Arts 46 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, [1790] 1955), 3-291.
Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord Byron: The Complete Poetical Works, ed. Jerome J. McGann, Oxford English Texts, 7 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1980-1993).
Byron, George Gordon Noel, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, a Romaunt, ed. Jerome J. McGann, 7 vols., Vol. 2, Lord Byron: The Complete Poetical Works (Oxford: Clarendon, 1980 [1812-1818]).
Byron, George Gordon Noel, Don Juan, ed. Jerome J. McGann, 7 vols., Vol. 5, Lord Byron: The Complete Poetical Works (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986 [1819-1824]).
Byron, George Gordon Noel, Heaven and Earth, ed. Jerome J. McGann, 7 vols., Lord Byron: The Complete Poetical Works (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986 [1823]), 6:346-381.
Byron, George Gordon Noel, Manfred, trans. Otto Gildemeister, eds. Helmut Viebrock and Eileen Volhard (Frankfurt a.M.: Heinrich Heine Verlag, 1969 [1816]).
Campbell, Joseph, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, 2nd ed., The Bollingen Series xvii (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972 [1949]).
Cannon, Susan Faye, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (New York: Science History Publications, 1978).
Carne, Joseph, An Account of the Relistian Tin Mine, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1807,97:293-295.
Carpenter, Frederic Ives, Spenser's Cave of Despair, Modern Language Notes, 1897, 12(5):129-137.
Chapman, R. W., ed., Johnson's Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland and Boswell's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, L. L. D. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924).
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Ernest Hartley Coleridge, 2 vols., Oxford English Texts (Oxford: Clarendon, 1912).
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Kubla Khan, in The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Ernest Hartley Coleridge, 2 vols., (Oxford: Clarendon, 1912 [1797]), 1:295-298.
(Copleston, Edward), [Review of] Reliquiae Diluvianae; or, Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures, and Diluvial Gravel, and on Other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge. By the Rev. William Buckland, F.R.S. &c. London. 1823, Quarterly Review, 1823, 23:138-165.
Cunningham, Andrew, and Nicholas Jardine, eds., Romanticism and the Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Dart, Raymond A., The Myth of the Bone-Accumulating Hyena, American Anthropologist, 1956, 58(1):40-62.
Daubeny, C. G. B., ed., Fugitive Poems Connected with Natural History and Physical Science (Oxford: James Parker, 1869).
Dean, Dennis R., Geology and English Literature: Crosscurrents 1770-1830, Ph.D. Diss., University of Wisconsin, 1968.
Daubeny, C. G. B., ‘Through Science to Despair’: Geology and the Victorians, in Victorian Science and Victorian Values: Literary Perspectives, eds. James Paradis and Thomas Postlewait (New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1981), 111-136.
Daubeny, C. G. B., Tennyson and Geology, Tennyson Society Monographs 10 (Lincoln: The Tennyson Society/The Tennyson Research Centre, 1985).
Drayton, Richard, Nature's Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the ‘Improvement’ of the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).
Duff, David, Romance and Revolution: Shelley and the Politics of a Genre, Cambridge Studies in Romanticism 7, eds. Marilyn Butler and James Chandler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Eastmead, William, Historia Rievallensis: Containing the History of Kirkby Moorside, and an Account of the Most Important Places in Its Vicinity; Together with Brief Notices of the More Remote or Less Important Ones. To Which Is Prefixed a Dissertation on the Animal Remains, and Other Curious Phenomena, in the Recently Discovered Cave at Kirkdale (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1824).
Edmonds, J. M., and J. A. Douglas, William Buckland, F.R.S. (1784-1856) and an Oxford Geological Lecture, 1823, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 1976, 30(2): 141-167.
Fairchild, Hoxic N., The Romantic Quest (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931).
Fulford, Tim, Theorizing Golgotha: Coleridge, Race Theory, and the Skull Beneath the Skin, in Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the Sciences of Life, ed. Nicholas Roe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 117-133.
Gannon, Tom C., Immortal Sea, Eternal Mind: Romanticism and the Unconscious, M.A. Thesis, University of South Dakota, 1992, Ch.1. Available from http://www.usd.edu/~tgannon/txts/thes.txt
Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar, The Parables of the Cave, in The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), 93-104.
Girouard, Mark, The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981).
Goodhue, Thomas W., Curious Bones: Mary Anning and the Birth of Paleontology (Greensboro NC: Morgan Reynolds, 2002).
Gordon, Elizabeth O., The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Sometime Dean of Westminster, Twice President of the Geological Society, and First President of the British Association (London: Murray, 1894).
Grove, Richard H., Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Halliwell, Martin, Romantic Science and the Experience of Self: Transatlantic Crosscurrents from William James to Oliver Sacks, Studies in European Cultural Transition 2, eds. Martin Stannard and Greg Walker (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999).
Hartman, Geoffrey H., The Unmediated Vision: An Interpretation of Wordsworth, Hopkins, Rilke, and Valéry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954).
Hazlitt, William, The Round Table: A Collection of Essays on Literature, Men and Manners, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1817).
Heller, Florian, ed., Die Forschungen in der Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth von Esper bis zur Gegenwart, in Die Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth/Ofr.: 200 Jahre Wissenschaftliche Forschung 1771-1971 (Erlangen: Universitätsbund Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1972), 7-56.
Hipple, W. J., The Beautiful, the Sublime, and the Picturesque in Eighteenth-Century British Aesthetic Theory (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1957).
Hitchins, Malachy, Account of the Discovery of Silver in Herland Copper Mine, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1801, 91:159-164.
Home, Everard, An Account of Some Fossil Remains of the Rhinoceros, Discovered by Mr. Whitby, in a Cavern Inclosed in the Lime-Stone Rock, from Which He Is Forming the Break Water at Plymouth, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1817, 107:176-182.
Howes, C. J., The Dillwyn Diaries 1817-1852, Buckland, and Caves of Gower (South Wales), Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society, 1988, 18(2):298-305.
Hutton, John, A Tour to the Caves: In the Environs of Ingleborough and Settle, 2nd ed. (Wakefield: S. R. Publishers, 1781 [1780]).
[J. C. P], The Great Cave, The Scottish Journal, 1847 (Nov. 6th):147-148.
Keats, John, The Complete Works of John Keats in Five Volumes, ed. H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1900-1901).
Keats, John, Calidore, in The Complete Works of John Keats in Five Volumes, ed. H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1900 [1817]), 1:16-20.
Keats, John, Endymion, in The Complete Works of John Keats in Five Volumes, ed. H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1900 [1818]), 1:63-205.
Keats, John, Hyperion, in The Complete Works of John Keats in Five Volumes, ed. H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1901 [1819-1820]), 2:123-158.
Keats, John, Lamia, in The Complete Works of John Keats in Five Volumes, ed. H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1901 [1820]), 2:5-32.
Keats, John, Specimen of an Induction to a Poem, in The Complete Works of John Keats in Five Volumes, ed. H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1900 [1817]), 1:14-15.
Keats, John, Staffa, in The Complete Works of John Keats in Five Volumes, ed. H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1901), 2:232-234.
Keats, John, The Letters of John Keats, 1814-1821, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, Vol. 1: 1814-1818 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).
Keats, John, The Letters of John Keats, 1814-1821, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, Vol. 2: 1819-1821 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).
Kenyon Jones, Christine, ‘When This World Shall Be Former’: Catastrophism as Imaginative Theory of the Younger Romantics, Romanticism on the Net 24 (November 2001) [cited 05.06. 2002], available from http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/24jones.html
Kitson, Peter J., Coleridge and ‘the Ouran utang Hypothesis’: Romantic Theories of Race, in Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the Sciences of Life, ed. Nicholas Roe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 91-116.
Klonk, Charlotte, Science and the Perception of Nature: British Landscape Art in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
Knell, Simon J., The Culture of English Geology, 1815-1851: A Science Revealed Through Its Collecting (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
Knight, David, Romanticism and the Sciences, in Romanticism and the Sciences, eds. Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 13-24.
Knight, David, Science in the Romantic Era, Variorum Collected Studies Series (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).
Knight, David, The Scientist as Sage, in Science in the Romantic Era (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998 [1967]), 23-46.
Knight, David, Science and Professionalism in England, 1770-1830, in Science in the Romantic Era (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998 [1974]), 121-135.
Knight, David, Words That Make Worlds, in Science in the Romantic Era (Aldersshot: Ashgate, 1998 [1994]), 277-281.
Knight, David, From Science to Wisdom: Humphry Davy's Life, in Science in the Romantic Era (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998 [1996]), 283-294.
Knight, David, Getting Science Across, in Science in the Romantic Era (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998 [1996]), 295-304.
Knight, David, Science and Culture in Mid-Victorian Britain: The Reviews and William Crookes' Quarterly Journal of Science, in Science in the Romantic Era (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998 [1996]), 305-316.
Kölbl-Ebert, Martina, Charlotte Murchison (Nee Hugonin) 1788-1869, Earth Sciences History, 1997, 16(1):39-43.
Kölbl-Ebert, Martina, Mary Buckland (Née Morland) 1797-1857, Earth Sciences History, 1997, 16(1):33-38.
Kölbl-Ebert, Martina, British Geology in the Early Nineteenth Century: A Conglomerate with a Female Matrix, Earth Sciences History, 2002, 21:3-25.
Kölbl-Ebert, Martina, On the Origin of Women Geologists by Means of Social Selection: German and British Comparison, Episodes, 2001, 24(3): 182-193.
Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi di, "Ich sucht' ein Glück, das es nicht gibt…": Byron—Shelley—Keats, trans. Sigrid Vagt, Salto 37 (Berlin: Klaus Wagenbach, 1993 [1991]).
Landow, George P., Elegant Jeremiahs: The Sage from Carlyle to Mailer (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
Lawrence, Christopher, The Power and the Glory: Humphry Davy and Romanticism, in Romanticism and the Sciences, eds. Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 213-227.
Levere, Trevor H., Poetry Realized in Nature: Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Early Nineteenth-Century Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
Levere, Trevor H., Coleridge and the Sciences, in Romanticism and the Sciences, eds. Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 295-306.
Lubbock, Sir John, Pre-Historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customes of Modern Savages, 2nd ed. (London: Williams and Norgate, 1869 [1865]).
Malcolm, John, The Cave Revisited, Classical Quarterly, 1981, 31:60-68.
McCalman, Iain, et al., eds., An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age. British Culture 1776-1832 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
McGann, Jerome J., Poetry, in An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age. British Culture 1776-1832, eds. Iain McCalman, et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 270-279.
McKenny Hughes, T., Exploration of Cave Ha, near Giggleswick, Settle, Yorkshire, Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1874, 3:383-387.
McKusick, James C., ‘Kubla Khan’ and the Theory of the Earth, in Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the Sciences of Life, ed. Nicholas Roe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 134-151.
Mitchell, Robert, ‘Here Is Thy Fitting Temple’: Science, Technology and Fiction in Shelley's Queen Mab, Romanticism on the Net 21 (February 2001) [cited 05.06.2002], available from http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/21mitchell.html
Morris, Michael, A Short Account of Some Specimens of Native Lead Found in a Mine of Monmouthshire: In a Letter from Michael Morris, M. D. F. R. S. To M. Maty, M. D. Sec. R. S., Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), 1773-1774 (1772), 63:20-21.
Moyle, M. P., On the Temperature of Mines, Annals of Philosophy, 1823 (1822), 5:34-43.
Murchison, Charles, ed., Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer, A.M., M.D., Vol. 2: Mastodon, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Ossiferous Caves, Primival Man and His Contemporaries (London: Robert Hardwicke, 1868).
North, F. J., Paviland Cave, the ‘Red Lady’, the Deluge, and William Buckland, Annals of Science, 1942, 5(2):91-128.
North, F. J., Paviland Cave, W. D. Conybeare, His Geological Contemporaries and Bristol Associations, Proceedings of the Bristol Natural History Society, 1956, 29:133-146.
O'Connor, Ralph, Mammoths and Maggots: Byron and the Geology of Cuvier, Romanticism, 1999, 5(1):26-42.
Paradis, James, and Thomas Postlewait, eds., Victorian Science and Victorian Values: Literary Perspectives, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 360 (New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1981).
Paradis, James, Darwin and Landscape, in Victorian Science and Victorian Values: Literary Perspectives, eds. James Paradis and Thomas Postlewait (New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1981), 85-110.
Pater, Walter, Coleridge, in Appreciations: With an Essay on Style (London: Macmillan and Co., 1907 [1889]), Ch.3.
Peacock, Thomas Love, The Works of Thomas Love Peacock eds. H. F. B. Smith and C. E. Jones, 10 vols., 1924-1934 (New York: A. M. S. Press, 1967).
Peer, Larry H., and Diane Long Hoeveler, eds., Comparative Romanticisms: Rower, Gender, Subjectivity, Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture, ed. James Hardin (Columbia: Camden House, 1998).
Pengelly, William, On Kent's Cavern, Torquay, Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain With Abstracts of the Discourses Delivered at the Evening Meetings, 1866, 4:534-543.
Pengelly, William, The Literature of Kent's Cavern. Part ii. Including the Whole of the Rev. J. Mac. Enery's Manuscript, (Reprinted From the) Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art, 1869, 3:191-482.
Pengelly, William, The Ossiferous Caverns and Fissures in the Neighbourhood of Chudleigh, Devonshire, Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, 1873, 6:46-60.
Pococke, Richard, Tours in Scotland, 1747,1750,1760, ed. Daniel William Kemp, Publications of the Scottish History Society 1 (Edinburgh: University Press, 1887).
Pointon, Marcia, Geology and Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century England, in Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences, eds. L. J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, BSHS Monographs 1 (Chalfont St. Giles: The British Society for the History of Science, 1979), 84-116.
Portlock, The Anniversary Address of the President (Obituary of Buckland), Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 1857, 13:xxvi-xlv.
Porter, Roy S., The Making of Geology, Earth Science in Britain, 1660-1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
Pratt, Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992).
Preyer, Robert O., The Romantic Tide Reaches Trinity: Notes on the Transmission and Diffusion of New Approaches to Traditional Studies at Cambridge, 1820-1840, in Victorian Science and Victorian Values: Literary Perspectives, eds. James Paradis and Thomas Postlewait (New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1981), 39-68.
Randel, Fred V., Frankenstein, Feminism, and the Intertextuality of Mountains, Studies in Romanticism, 1985, 24:515-532.
Randel, Fred V., Romantic Poetry and Civic Space in the Wordsworthian Cave, in Comparative Romanticisms: Power, Gender, Subjectivity, eds. Larry H. Peer and Diane Long Hoeveler (Columbia: Camden House, 1998), 199-210.
Randel, Fred V., Tradition and Critique in the Haidée Cantos of Don Juan, in Byron: A Poet for All Seasons: Proceedings of the 25th International Byron Conference, ed. Marios Byron Raizis (Messolonghi, Greece: Messolonghi Byron Society, 2000), 129-135.
Roe, Nicholas, ed., Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the Sciences of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Roe, Nicholas, Introduction: Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the Sciences of Life, in Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the Sciences of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1-21.
Ross, Marlon B., Scott's Chivalric Pose: The Function of Metrical Romance in the Romantic Period, Genre, 1986, 18:267-297.
Rudwick, Martin J. S., Caricature as a Source for the History of Science: De la Beche's Anti-Lyellian Sketches of 1831, ISIS, 1975, 66:534-560.
Rudwick, Martin J. S., Encounters with Adam, or at Least the Hyaenas; Nineteenth-Century Visual Representations of the Deep Past, in History, Humanity and Evolution, ed. James R. Moore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 231-251.
Rudwick, Martin J. S., Scenes from Deep Time: Early Pictorial Representations of the Prehistoric World (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992).
Rupke, Nicolaas A., The Great Chain of History. William Buckland and the English School of Geology (1814-1849) (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983).
Rupke, Nicolaas A., Caves, Fossils and the History of the Earth, in Romanticism and the Sciences, eds. Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 241-259.
Rupke, Nicolaas A., Oxford's Scientific Awakening and the Role of Geology, in The History of the University of Oxford Vi Part I, eds. M. G. Brock and M. C. Curthoys (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), 543-562.
Schaffer, Simon, Genius in Romantic Natural Philosophy, in Romanticism and the Sciences, eds. Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 82-98.
Schweber, Silvan S., Scientists as Intellectuals: The Early Victorians, in Victorian Science and Victorian Values: Literary Perspectives, eds. James Paradis and Thomas Postlewait (New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1981), 1-37.
Scott, Walter, Lord of the Isles, The Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott, Bart, 10 (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1880 [1814]).
Scott, Walter, The Journal of Sir Walter Scott, ed. John Guthrie Tait (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1950).
Scott, Walter, The Antiquary, ed. Nicola J. Watson, World's Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 [1816]).
Secord, Anne, Corresponding Interests: Artisans and Gentlemen in Nineteenth-Century Natural History, The British Journal for the History of Science, 1994, 27:383-408.
Secord, James A., King of Siluria: Roderick Murchison and the Imperial Theme in Nineteenth-Century British Geology, Victorian Studies, 1982, 25:413-442.
Secord, James A., Controversy in Victorian Geology: The Cambrian-Silurian Dispute (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
Sharpe, T., and P. J. McCartney, The Papers of H. T. De la Beche (1796-1855) in the National Museum of Wales, National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 17 (Cardiff, 1998).
Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein or, the Modern Prometheus, Penguin Popular Classics (London: Penguin Books, 1994 [1818]).
Shelley, Mary, The Last Man, ed. Morton D. Paley, World's Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994 [1826]).
Shelley, Mary, The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814-1844, eds. Paula R. Feldman and Dina Scott-Kilvert, Vol. 1: 1814-1822 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987).
Shelley, Mary, The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814-1844, eds. Paula R. Feldman and Dina Scott-Kilvert, Vol. 2: 1822-1844 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987).
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, The Revolt of Islam, in The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Neville Rogers, 4 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975 [1817-1818]) 2:99-273.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Volume Iv, a Facsimile of Bodleian Ms. Shelley D. 1, Part One, ed. E. B. Murray, Vol. 4 (New York: Garland, 1988).
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed., A Norton Critical Edition (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1977]).
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, A Defence of Poetry, in Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed., (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1821]), 509-535.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Adonais, in Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed. (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1821]), 407-427.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Alastor, in Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed. (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1815]), 72-90.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Epipsychidion, in Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed. (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1820-1821]), 390-407.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Prometheus Unbound, in Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed. (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1818-1820]), 206-286.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Queen Mab, in Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed. (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1811-1813]), 15-71.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, The Triumph of Life, in Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed. (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1822-1824]), 481-500.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, The Witch of Atlas, in Shelley's Poetry and Prose, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Faistat, 2nd ed. (New York: H. H. Norton, 2002 [1820]), 365-388.
Shortland, Michael, Darkness Visible: Underground Culture in the Golden Age of Geology, History of Science, 1994, 32:1-61.
Sommer, Marianne, ‘An Amusing Account of a Cave in Wales’: William Buckland (1784-1855) and the Red Lady of Paviland, British Journal for the History of Science, 2004, 37(1): 1-22.
Stevenson, Lionel, Darwin among the Poets (New York: Russel and Russel, 1963).
Tennyson, Alfred, The Letters of Alfred Lord Tennyson, eds. Cecil Y. Lang and Edgar F. Shannon, Jr., Vol. 1: 1821-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982 [1981]).
Torrens, Hugh, Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme; ‘the greatest fossilist the world ever knew’, British Journal for the History of Science, 1995, 28:257-284.
Walker, Adam, A Letter to Charles Morton, M. D. Sec. R. S. from Mr. Adam Walker; Containing an Account of the Cavern of Dunmore Park, near Kilkenny, in Ireland, Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), 1773-1774 (1771), 63:16-19.
Weaver, Thomas, On Fossil Human Bones, and Other Animal Remains Recently Found in Germany, Annals of Philosophy, 1823, 5:17-43.
Weinberg, Florence M., The Cave. The Evolution of a Metaphoric Field from Homer to Ariosto, Studies in the Humanities: Literature—Politics—Society 4, ed. Guy Mermier (New York: Peter Lang, 1986).
Westall William, Views of the Caves near Ingleton, Gordale Scar, and Malham Cove in Yorkshire. Facsimile Reproduction with a New Introduction by Trevor R. Shaw, ed. Anne Oldham (London: John Murray, 1983 [1818]).
Whitehouse, Cope, The Caves of Staffa, The Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1887, 3:497-521.
Williams, Rosalind, Notes on the Underground: An Essay on Technology, Society, and the Imagination (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1990).
The Wonders of the Antediluvian Cave!, Gentleman's Magazine, 1822, 92:491-494.
Wordsworth, William, The Illustrated Wordsworth's Guide to the Lakes, ed. Peter Bicknell (Exeter: Webb and Bower, 1984 [1835]).
Wordsworth, William, The Tuft of Primroses with Other Late Poems for the Recluse, ed. Joseph F. Kishel (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
Wordsworth, William, The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George, Cambridge Edition of the Poets (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904).
Wordsworth, William, Cave of Staffa, XXVII to XXIX, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1833]), 716-717.
Wordsworth, William, The Excursion, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1775-1814]), 403-524.
Wordsworth, William, Poems Suggested by Westall's Views of the Caves, Malham Cave, Gordale, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1819]), 567-568.
Wordsworth, William, Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1800]), 790-799.
Wordsworth, William, The Prelude, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1799-1805]), 124-222.
Wordsworth, William, The Recluse, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1800]), 222-232
Wordsworth, William, Tintern Abbey, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1798]), 91-93.
Wordsworth, William, To the Same, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1817]), 559-560.
Wordsworth, William, White Doe at Rylstone, in The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Andrew Jackson George (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1904 [1807]), 361-381.
Wyatt, John, Wordsworth and the Geologists, Cambridge Studies in Romanticism 16, eds. Marilyn Butler and James Chandler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Young, George, On the Fossil Remains of Quadrupeds, &c. Discovered in the Cavern at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, and in Other Cavities or Seams in Limestone Rocks, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 1822, 4/2:262-70.