Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
| Online Publication Date: 05 Nov 2007
The Historian of Science and Oceanography After Twenty Years
The Historian of Science and Oceanography After Twenty Years
Page Range: 5 – 18
A little more than twenty years ago, at the First International Congress of History of Oceanography in Monaco, the American historian of science Harold Burstyn attempted to place the history of oceanography in context within the history of science. He pointed out that history of science used as a working principle the increasing quantification of science, and that it was moving toward "externalist" studies of the social and political contexts in which science developed. Oceanography, according to Burstyn, was among the first examples of "big science" and was likely to prove important to historians attempting to link scientific development with its social context. He envisioned two tasks for the historian of oceanography, to develop detailed histories of the science itself, and to explore its response to social, political, financial and cultural forces. After three more congresses of the history of oceanography, the proliferation of publications, even the birth of a newsletter of the history of oceanography, it still largely remains true that (slightly edited) the field suffers from "lack of focus, publications of all offerings regardless of merit, and conjunction of scientists … and historians and philosophers of science, assembled without any methodological unit or rules of procedure". But all is not lost. Major books have helped to focus attention on interesting historical problems as well as achievements; outstanding work has been published, or is in progress, on marine geophysics, oceanographic institutions, exploration, national science, and the historical relationship of oceanography to its sister fields such as geography and marine biology. Bibliographies have begun to appear, easing the toil of starting new research, and regular contact, formal and informal is increasing among historians of oceanography. Nonetheless, the history of oceanography is still in a primitive state. We need more internal histories of oceanography's subdisciplines, critical biographies of its practitioners, studies of its institutions in their full contexts, work on differences in national styles, and a thorough examination of its professionalization. Few would now agree that the only canon of the history of oceanography is the increasing quantification of science, but this hybrid discipline remains, as Burstyn perceptively stated, "the most fruitful combination possible of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ problems in the history of science".
Allard, D. C., Jr., 1978, Spencer Fullerton Baird and the U.S. Fish Commission: New York, Arno, xii + 424 pp.
Allègre, C. J., 1983, L'écume de la terre: Paris, Fayard, 366 pp.
Allègre, C. J., 1988, The behavior of the earth. Continental and seafloor mobility: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, xiv + 272 pp.
Anderson, F., 1984, The demise of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada: a case study of Canadian research policy: Scientia Cauadensis, v. 8 (27), p. 151-156.
Anonymous, 1970, Catalogs of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography library: Boston, Mass., G. K. Hall & Co. 7 vols. (plus later supplements).
Anonymous, 1971, Catalog of the library of the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts: Boston. Mass., G. K. Hall, 12 vols.
Anonymous, 1972a, Second International Congress on the History of Oceanography. Challenger Expedition centenary, September 12-20, 1972: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B, v. 72, p. vii + 462 and v. 73. p. viii + 435.
Anonymous, 1972b, Selected references to literature on marine expeditions 1700-1960. Fisheries-Oceanography Library, University of Washington: Boston, G. K. Hall, iv + 517 p.
Anonymous, 1977, Catalogues of the library of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom: Boston, Mass.: G. K. Hall, 15 vols.
Austin, J. and A. McConnell, 1980, The construction of a thermometer. By James Six. Prefaced by an account of his life and works and the use of his thermometer over two hundred years by Jill Austin and Anita McConnell: London, Nimbus Books, p. 28 + xiv + 64 + xxiv.
Bascom, W., 1988, The crest of the wave: adventures in oceanography: New York. Harper and Row, 318 p.
Behrman, D., 1970, A la découverte de l'ocean. L'Unesco et son programme: Paris, Unesco, 109 p.
Behrman, D., 1981, Assault on the largest unknown. The International Indian Ocean Expedition: Paris, Unesco, 96 pp.
Benard, C., 1907, Rapport générale. Exposition coloniale de Marseille 1906. Section internationale d'océanographie, des pêches maritimes et des produits de la mer: Marseille, Balatier, xii + 528 pp.
Bernard, H. R. and P. D. Killworth, 1974, Scientists and crew. A case study in communications at sea: Maritime Studies and Management, v. 2, p. 112-125.
Bernard, H. R. and P. D. Killworth, 1976, Scientists and mariners at sea: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 10, p. 21-30.
Boguslawski, G. von, 1884, Handbuch der Ozeanographie vol i. Räumliche, physikalische und chemische Beschaffenheit der Ozeane: Stuttgart, J. Engelhorn, xviii + 400 p.
Bowker, G. and Latour, B., 1987, A booming discipline short of discipline: (social) studies of science in France: Social Studies of Science, v. 17, p. 715-748.
Brattstöm, H., 1967, The biological stations of the Bergens Museum and the University of Bergen 1892-1967: Sarsia, v. 29. p. 7-80.
Bridson, G. D. R., Phillips, V. C. and Harvey, A. P., 1980, Natural history manuscript resources in the British Isles: London, Mansell, 510 p.
Brosco, J. P., 1989, Henry Bryant Bigelow, the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, and intensive area study. Social Studies of Science, v. 19, p. 239-264.
Brush, S. G. and H. F. Landsberg, eds., 1984, The history of geophysics and meteorology: an annotated bibliography: New York, Garland, xvi + 450 p.
Bullard, E., 1975, The emergence of plate tectonics: a personal view: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 3, p. 1-30.
Burstyn, H. L., 1965, The deflecting force of the earth's rotation from Galileo to Newton: Annals of Science, v. 21, p. 47-80.
Burstyn, H. L., 1966a, The deflecting force and Coriolis: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 47, p. 890-891.
Burstyn, H. L., 1966b, Early explanations of the role of the earth's rotation in the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean: Isis, v. 57, p. 167-187.
Burstyn, H. L., 1968a, The historian of science and oceanography. Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique, Monaco, No. spécial 2 (Congrès Internationale d'histoire de l'océanographie, 1), v. 2, p. 665-675.
Burstyn, H. L., 1968b, Science and government in the nineteenth century: the Challenger Expedition and its report: Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique, Monaco, No. spécial 2 (Congrès Internationale d'histoire de l'oceanographie, 1), v. 2, p. 603-613.
Carpine, C., 1968, Les navires océanographiques dont les noms ont été choisis par S.A.S. le Prince Albertler pour figurer sur la facade du Musée océanographique de Monaco: Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique, Monaco, No. spécial 2 (Congrès Internationale d'histoire de l'océanographie, 1), v. 2, p. 627-638.
Carpine, C., 1987, Catalogue des appareils d'océanographie en collection au Musée océanographique de Monaco, 1. Photomèters. 2. Mesureurs du courant: Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique, Monaco, v. 73 (1437), p. 1-144.
Carpine-Lancre, J., 1968, Les expéditions océanographique et la publication de leurs résultats (étude bibliographique): Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique, Monaco, No. spécial 2 (Congrès international d'histoire de l'océanographie I), v. 2, p. 651-664.
Carpine-Lancre, J., 1980, The plan for an international oceanographic congress proposed by H.S.H. the Prince Albert 1st of Monaco: in M. Sears and D. Merriman, eds., Oceanography: the past, New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 156-167.
Carpine-Lancre, J., 1989, Current bibliography, 1987-1988: History of Oceanography (newsletter), No. 1, p. 9-15.
Chasnock, H., 1985, George Edward Raven Deacon, 21 March 1906-16 November 1984. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, v. 31, p. 113-142.
Clagget, M., ed., 1962, Critical problems in the history of science: Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Press, xiv + 555 p.
Cohen, I. B., 1988, The publication of Science, technology and society: circumstances and consequences: Isis, v. 79, p. 571-582.
Cowen, R. C., 1960, Frontiers of the sea. The story of oceanographic exploration: London, Victor Gollancz, 307 p.
Crombie, A. C. (ed.), 1963, Scientific change: London, Heinemann, xii + 896 p.
Deacon, G. E. R. and Deacon, M. B., eds., 1982, Modern concepts of oceanography: Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, Hutchinson Ross, xiii + 386 p.
Deacon, M. B., 1965, Founders of marine science in Britain: the work of the early Fellows of the Royal Society: Notes and Records of the Royal Society, v. 20, p. 28-50.
Deacon, M. B., 1971, Scientists and the sea 1650-1900. A study of marine science: London, Academic Press, 445 p.
Deacon, M. B., ed., 1978, Oceanography. Concepts and history: Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, xvii + 394 p.
Deacon, M. B., 1993, The History of oceanography: au annotated bibliography: New York, Garland Publishing Company (in press).
Dick, S. J. and Doggett, L. E. (eds.), 1983, Sky with ocean joined. Proceedings of the sesquicentennial symposia of the U.S. Naval Observatory, December 5 and 8, 1980: Washington, D.C., U.S. Naval Observatory, p. viii + 190.
Edmonds, A., 1973, Voyage to the edge of the world: Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, p. 254.
Egerton, F. N., 1977, A bibliographical guide to the history of general ecology and population ecology: History of Science, v. 15, p. 189-215.
Egerton, F. N., 1983, The history of ecology: achievements and opportunities: Journal of the History of Biology, v. 16, p. 259-310.
Egerton, F. N., 1985, The history of ecology: achievements and opportunities, part two: Journal of the History of Biology, v. 18, p. 103-143.
Estok, R. and Boykin, R. E., 1976, A union list of oceanographic expeditions, including results of some major cruise reports: College Station, Texas, Texas A and M University Libraries, iii + 138 p.
Ferrante, E., 1985, Crociere e relazioni di viaggio dei marinai italiani n'ell ottocento (1861-1900): Rivista Marittima, v. 6, supplement, 93 p.
Frankel, H., 1979a, The career of continental drift theory: an application of Imre Lakatos' analysis of scientific growth to the rise of drift theory: Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 10, p. 21-66.
Frankel, H., 1979b, The reception and acceptance of continental drift theory as a rational episode in the history of science: in S. H. Mauskopf, ed., The reception of unconventional science, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, p. 51-90.
Frankel, H., 1979c, Why drift theory was accepted with the confirmation of Harry Hess's concept of sea floor spreading: in C. J. Schneer, eds., Two hundred years of geology in America, Hanover, N.H., University Press of New England, p. 337-353.
Frankel, H., 1980, Hess's development of his seafloor spreading hypothesis: in T. Nickles, ed., Scientific discovery: case studies, Boston, D. Reidel, p. 345-366.
Frankel, H., 1981, The paleobiogeographical debate over the problem of disjunctively distributed life forms: Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, v. 12, p. 211-259.
Frankel, H., 1982, The development, reception, and acceptance of the Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis: Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, v. 13, p. 1-39.
Frankel, H., 1984, Biogeography before and after the rise of sea floor spreading: Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, v. 15, p. 141-168.
Frankel, H., 1988, From continental drift to plate tectonics: Nature, v. 335, p. 127-130.
Freeman, R. B., 1980, British natural history books, 1495-1900: a handlist: Hamden, Conn., Archon, 437 p.
Freudenthal, G., 1990, Science studies in France: a sociological view: Social Studies of Science, v. 20, p. 353-369.
Friedman, R. M., 1989, Appropriating the weather: Vilhelm Bjerknes and the construction of a modern meteorology: Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University Press, xx + 251 pp.
Galtsoff, P. S., 1962, The story of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Circular 145, p. 1-121.
Garrett, C. and C. Wunsch, eds., 1984, "It's the water that makes you drunk". A celebration in geophysics and oceanography-1982. In honor of Walter Munk on his 65th birthday October 19, 1982 at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California: La Jolla, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, S.I.O. Reference Series 84-5, 118 p.
Glen, W., 1982, The road to Jaramillo: critical years of the revolution in earth science: Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, xvi + 459 p.
Glen, W., 1988, Why scientists should do history: Eos. v. 69 (46): 1572.
Gordon, B. L., 1972, Textbooks in the wake of the Challenger. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, B, v. 72, p. 297-303.
Greene, M. T., 1985, History of geology: Osiris, Second Series, v. 1, p. 97-116.
Guerlac, H., 1963, Some historical assumptions of the history of science: in A. C. Crombie, ed., Scientific change, London, Heineman, p. 797-812.
Halliam, A., 1973, A revolution in the earth sciences. From continental drift to plate tectonics: London, Oxford University Press, vii + 127 p.
Hallam, A., 1983, Great geological controversies: Oxford, Oxford University Press, vii + 182 p.
Hamann, G., 1980, Die österreichische Kriegsmarine im Dienste der Wissenschaften: in J. C. Allmayer-Beck, ed., Osterreich zur See: Schriften des Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums (Militärwis-senschaftliches Institut) in Wien, 8, p. 59-90.
Hardy, A. C., 1967, Great waters. A voyage of natural history to study whales, plankton and the waters of the Southern Ocean in the Royal Research Ship Discovery: London, Collins, 542 p.
Herdman, W. A., 1923, Founders of oceanography and their work: an introduction to the science of the sea: London, Edward Arnold, 340 p.
Høisaeter, T., 1967, Publications from the biological stations of the Bergens Museum and the University of Bergen 1892-1967: Sarsia, v. 29, p. 97-136.
Horsfield, B. and Stone, P. B., 1972, The great ocean business: London, Hodder and Stoughton, x + 360 p.
Hsü, K., 1983, The Mediterranean was a desert: a voyage of the Glomar Challenger. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, xv + 197 p.
Hurley, D. E., 1974, Titles of selected scientific periodicals and expedition reports dealing with marine sciences. New Zealand and the Antarctic: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Miscellaneous Publication Number 58, 45 p.
Jewell, R., 1984, The meteorological judgement of Vilhelm Bjerknes: Social Research, v. 51, p. 783-807.
Jilek, A., ed., 1857, Lehrbuch der Ozeanographie zum Gebrauche der k.k. Marine-Akademic: Wien, Kaiserlichen-Königlichen Hofund Staatsdruckerei, x + 298 p.
Johnstone, K., 1977, The aquatic explorers. A history of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada: Toronto, University of Toronto Press, xv + 342 p.
Kelley, J. C., 1981, The Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis Program: social implications: in F. A. Richards, ed., Coastal upwelling, Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, p. 9-12.
King, L. R. and F. D. Jennings, 1988, The Executive and the oceans: three decades of United States marine policy: MTS Journal, v. 22 (1), p. 17-32.
Kitsos, T. A., 1988, Congress and the oceans: shaping marine policy for three decades: MTS Journal, v. 22 (1), p. 33-19.
Knauss, J. A., 1988, Academic oceanography: how we got from there to here: MTS Journal, v. 22 (1): 5-11.
Kortum, G., 1983, Ferdinand von Richthofen und die Kunde vom Meer: Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein, v. 53, p. 1-32.
Kortum, G., 1987, Berlins Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der geographischen Meereskunde. Das Vermächtnis der Georgenstrasse: Berliner geographische Studien, v. 25, p. 133-156.
Koyré, A., 1963, Commentary by Alexandre Koyré: in A. C. Crombie, ed., Scientific change, London, Heineman, p. 847-857.
Krebs, B. N., 1961, Expedition reports and related publications in the library of the New Zealand Oceanographie Institute DSIR Wellington: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Miscellaneous Publication Number 10, 87 p.
Laudan, R., 1980a, The method of multiple working hypotheses and the development of plate tectonic theory: in T. Nickles, ed., Scientific discovery: case studies. Boston, Mass., D. Reidel, p. 331-343.
Laudan, R., 1980b, Oceanography and geophysical theory in the first half of the twentieth century: the Dutch school: in M. Sears and D. Merriman, eds., Oceanography: the past, New York, Springer-Verlag.
Laudan, R., 1980c, The recent revolution in geology and Kuhn's theory of scientific change: in G. Gutting, ed., Paradigms and revolutions, Notre Dame, Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press, p. 284-296.
Legendre, R., 1948, La découverte des mers: Que sais-je? 299: Paris, Présses universitaires de France, 128 p.
Le Grand, H. E., 1988, Drifting continents and shifting theories. The modern revolution in geology and scientific change: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, vi + 313 p.
Lenz, W. and Deacon, M., eds., 1990, Ocean sciences: their history and relation to man. Proceedings of the IVth International Congress on the History of Oceanography, Hamburg 1987: Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Ergänzungsheft Reihe B, Number 22.
Limburg, P. R., 1979, Oceanographic institutions. Science studies the sea: New York, Elsevier/Nelson Books, 265 p.
Linklater, E., 1972, The voyage of the Challenger: London, John Murray, 288 pp.
MacIver, E. J., 1979, Expedition reports and related publications in the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute library: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Miscellaneous Publication No. 87, 73 pp.
Mamayev, O. I., 1987, Bjørn Helland-Hansen, 1877-1957 (on the 110th anniversary of his birth): Oceanology, v. 27, p. 664-667.
Manning, T. G., 1988, U.S. Coast Survey vs. Naval Hydrographic Office. A nineteenth century rivalry in science and politics: Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, xii + 202 p.
Marshall, N. B., 1986, Alister Clavering Hardy, 10 February 1896-22 May 1985: Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society, v. 32, p. 223-273.
Marshall, S. M., 1987, An account of the marine station at Millport (edited by J. A. Allen): University Marine Biological Station, Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, Occasional Publication Number 4, v + 133 p.
Marvin, U. B., 1973, Continental drift. The evolution of a concept: Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 239 p.
Mawson, V., D. J. Tranter and A. F. Pearce, eds., 1988, CSIRO at sea: 50 years of marine science: Hobart, Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organization, 216 p.
Mazur, A. and Boyko, E., 1981, Large-scale ocean research projects: what makes them succeed or fail? Social Studies of Science, v. 11, p. 425-449.
McConnell, A., 1981, Historical instruments in oceanography. Background to the oceanography collection at the Science Museum: London, H.M.S.O., iv + 52 p.
McConnell, A., 1982, No sea too deep. The history of oceanographic instruments: Bristol, Adam Hilger, xii + 162 p.
McConnell, A., 1990, Directory of source materials for the history of oceanography: Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science, Number 58, iii + 40 p.
McIntosh, R. P., 1985, The background of ecology. Concept and theory: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, xiii + 383 p.
Menard, H. W., 1969, Anatomy of an expedition: New York, McGraw-Hill, viii + 255 p.
Menard, H. W., 1979, Very like a spear: in C. J. Schneer (ed.), Two hundred years of geology in America, Hanover, N.H., University Press of New England, p. 19-30.
Menard, H. W., 1986, The ocean of truth. A personal history of global tectonics: Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, xii + 353 p.
Merriman, D. and Merriman, M., 1955, Sir C. Wyville Thomson's correspondence on the "Challenger" fishes: Deep-Sea Research, Supplement (Papers in Marine Biology and Oceanography), p. 74-91.
Merriman, D. and Merriman, M., 1958, Sir C. Wyville Thomson's letter to Staff commander Thomas H. Tizard 1877-1881: Journal of Marine Research, v. 17, p. 347-374.
Mills, E. L. (ed.), 1975, One hundred years of oceanography: essays commemorating the visit of H.M.S. Challenger to Halifax, May 9-19, 1873: Halifax, N.S. Dalhousie University and Nova Scotia Museum, ii + 89 p.
Mills, E. L., 1989, Biological oceanography: an early history, 1870-1960: Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, xvii + 378 p.
Mills, E. L., 1990, Biological oceanography in Germany and the United Kingdom, 1870-1935: in W. Lenz and M. Deacon, eds., Ocean sciences: their history and relation to man, Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Ergänzungsheft Reihe B, Number 22, p. 20-29.
Monin, A. S. and T. S. Rass, 1983, Research vessel Vityaz and her expeditions, 1949-1979: Moscow, Nauka, 392 p. (in Russian).
Müller, G., ed., 1984, Die Challenger-Expedition: zum tiefsten Punkt der Weltmeere, 1872-1876. Rudolf von Willimoes-Suhms Briefe, mit Auszügen aus dem Reisebericht des Schiffsingenieurs W.J.J. Spry: Stuttgart, K. Thienemann's Verlag. 328 p.
Mukerji, C., 1989, A fragile power. Scientists and the state: Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, xiv + 253 p.
Murray, J., 1895, Historical introduction: scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, Summary of Scientific Results, v. 1, p. 1-106.
Murray, J., 1912, A brief historical review of oceanographical investigations: in J. Murray and J. Hjort, eds., The depths of the ocean, London, Macmillan, p. 1-21.
Nelson, S. B., 1971, Oceanographic ships fore and aft: Washington, D.C., Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, xvii + 240 p.
Paffen, K.-H. and Kortum, G., 1984, Die Geographie des Meeres. Disziplingeschichtliche Entwicklung seit 1650 und heutiger methodischer Stand: Kieler geographische Schriften, v. 60, xiv + 293 p.
Palmer, D. W., King, L. R. and Shannon, W. W., 1988, Oceanographers and the U.S. federal patron: perceptions of agency-university relations: Social Studies of Science, v. 18, p. 73-90.
Pérès, J.-M., 1965, La découverte des mers: Que sais-je? No. 299: Paris. Presses universitaires de France, 128 p.
Pinsell, M. I., 1981, 150 years of service on the seas. A pictorial history of the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office from 1830 to 1980. Volume 1 (1830-1946): Washington, D.C., Department of the Navy, Oceanographic Office, x + 233 p.
Porter, R. S., compiler, 1983, The earth sciences: an annotated bibliography: New York, Garland, vii + 192 pp.
Potapov, J. P., 1982, Stepan Osipovic Makarov 1848-1904: Leningrad, Nauka, 215 p.
Raitt, H. and B. Moulton, 1967, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. First fifty years: San Diego, Ward Ritchie Press, xi + 217 p.
Reinke-Kunze, C., 1986, Den Meeren auf der Spur. Geschichte und Aufgaben der deutschen Forschungsschiffe: Herford: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, 169 p.
Revelle, R., 1969, The age of innocence and war in oceanography: Oceans, v. 1 (3), p. 6-16.
Revelle, R., 1985, How Mary Sears changed the United States Navy: Deep-Sea Research, v. 32 (7A), p. 753-754.
Revelle, R., 1986, Observations on the Office of Naval Research and international science, 1945-1960: Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, vi + 112 p.
Revelle, R., 1987, How I became an oceanographer and other sea stories: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 15, p. 1-23.
Revelle, R., 1988a, Preparation for a scientific career: Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Series 88-19), vii + 82 p.
Revelle, R., 1988b, Revelle, Roger Randall Dougan. Director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography 1951-1964: Oral History Office, University of California, Berkeley (Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference Series 88-20), viii + 124 p.
Rice, A. L., 1986, British oceanographic vessels 1800-1950: London, Ray Society, 193 p.
Rice, A. L., 1986, Deep-sea challenge: The John Murray/Mabahiss Expedition to the Indian Ocean, 1933-34; Paris, Unesco, 336 p.
Roll, H. U., 1979, A focus for ocean research. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. History, functions, achievements: Unesco, Paris, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Technical Series No. 20, 64 p.
Rosenberg, C., 1988, Woods or trees? Ideas and actors in the history of science: Isis, v. 79, p. 565-570.
Sarjeant, W. A. S., 1980, Geologists and the history of geology: an international bibliography from the origins to 1978: London, Mac-Millan, 5 vols. (plus supplement 1987).
Schlee, S., 1973, The edge of an unfamiliar world. A history of oceanography: New York, E. P. Dutton, 398 p.
Schlee, S., 1978, On almost any wind. The saga of the oceanographic research vessel Atlantis: Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 301 p.
Schott, W., 1987, Early German oceanographic institutions, expeditions and oceanographers: Hamburg, Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut. 50 p.
Sears, M., compiler, 1972, Oceanographic index: Boston, Mass., G. K. Hall, 4 vols. + supplement.
Sears, M. and Merriman, D., eds., 1980, Oceanography: the past: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography: New York, Springer-Verlag, xx + 812 p.
Shapin, S., 1982, History of science and its sociological reconstructions: History of Science, v. 20, p. 157-211.
Shapin, S., 1988, Understanding the Merton thesis: Isis, v. 79, p. 594-605.
Shor, E. N., 1978, Scripps Institution of Oceanography: probing the oceans 1936 to 1976: San Diego, Tofua Press, x + 502 p.
Simberloff, D., 1988, The contribution of population and community biology to conservation science: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, v. 19, p. 473-511.
Southward, A. J. and Roberts, E. K., 1984, The Marine Biological Association 1884-1984: one hundred years of marine research: Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, v. 116, p. 155-199.
Southward, A. J. and E. K. Roberts, 1987, One hundred years of marine research at Plymouth: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, v. 67, p. 465-506.
Spiess, F., 1985, The Meteor Expedition, Scientific results of the German Atlantic Expedition, 1925-1927 (English translation ed. by W. J. Emery): New Delhi, Amerind, xvi + 429 p.
Stewart, J. A., 1990, Drifting continents and colliding paradigms. Perspectives on the geoscience revolution: Bloomington, Indiana University Press, xiii + 285 p.
Teal, J. and Teal, M., 1975, The Sargasso Sea: Boston, Mass., Little, Brown, xxxi + 216 p.
Thomasson, E. H., ed., 1981, Study of the sea. The development of marine resarch under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea: Farnham, England, Fishing News Books, xiv + 256 p.
Thoulet, J., 1890, Océanographic (statique): Paris, L, Baudoin, x + 492 p.
Towle, E. L., 1966, Science, commerce and the Navy on the sea-faring frontier (1842-1861). The role of Lieutenant M. F. Maury and the U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office: Ph.D. thesis. University of Rochester, xix + 555 p. (1987, University Microfilms International UMI 66-6873).
Treadwell, T. K., D. S. Gorsline and R. West, 1988, History of the U.S. academic research fleet and the sources of research ships: UNOLS Fleet Improvement Committee Report, UNOLS Fleet Improvement Office, Texas A and M University, 55 p.
Treadwell, T. K., D. S. Gorsline and R. West, 1989, History of the U.S. academic oceanographic research fleet and the sources of research ships: Oceanography, v. 2, p. 36-39.
Watermann, B., ed., 1989, Exposition on historical aspects of marine research in Germany: Ergänzungsheft, Deutsche hydrogra-phische Zeitschrift, Reihe B, No. 21.
Watermann, B. and Wrezinski, O. J., 1989, Bibliographie zur Geschichte der deutschen Meeresforschung. Chronologische Titelaufzählung (1557-1986). Second extended edition: Hamburg: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Meeresforschung, xiii + 248 p.
Wenk, E., Jr., 1972, The politics of the ocean: Seattle, University of Washington Press, xviii + 590 p.
Went, A. E. J., 1972, Seventy years a growing. A history of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 1902-1972:, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, Rapports et Procès-verbaux, des Réunions, v. 165, p. 1-252.
Wood, R. M., 1985, The dark side of the earth: London, George Allen and Unwin, x + 246 p.
Wüst, G., 1964, The major deep-sea expeditions and research vessels. A contribution to the history of oceanography: Progress in Oceanography, v. 2, p. 1-52.
Whitrow, M. and Neu, J., compilers, 1971-1985, Isis cumulative bibliography: London, Mansell, 7 vols.
Wolff, T., 1967, Danish expeditions on the seven seas: Copenhagen, Rhodos, 336 p.